Frequently asked questions

UK shoppers are increasingly concerned about the impact of pesticides on their own health, the health of farmers and farmworkers, wildlife and the natural environment. Supermarkets are also now more aware than ever of environmental issues and the urgent need to reduce the impact of their global supply chains in order to tackle the dual nature and climate crises. While some supermarkets have hugely increased their focus on dealing with pesticide-related harms thanks to our campaign, others are still not giving the issue the level of attention it so urgently needs.

PAN UK assessed and ranked supermarkets on their efforts to tackle pesticides in 2009, 2011, 2019 and 2021. During that time, and particularly in the years since 2019, we have also been advising supermarkets behind-the-scenes, helping their technical staff to implement a range of improvements. The 2024 survey and ranking is a great opportunity to take stock of the progress made so far by supermarkets and identify what they need to do next to better protect the health of their customers, farmers, workers and the natural environment from pesticides.

In the UK, both local and central government are facing a severe funding crisis, and we are constantly told that there is no money available for reducing pesticide-related harms. In contrast, the UK supermarket sector continues to make huge profits and has ample funds to invest in measures that protect human health and the environment. With their sprawling global supply chains and huge influence both in the UK and internationally, positive moves by supermarkets (such as banning a particular Highly Hazardous Pesticide) have the potential to ripple out across the world, improving the health of people and wildlife in dozens of countries. That’s why we continue to target the top UK supermarkets, calling for them to do more to tackle pesticides.

Pesticides impact nearly all life on earth. They are designed to kill pests (such as weeds and insects) but can also have a major impact on non-target organisms, including people.

Pesticides can drive a range of environmental harms, including contaminating water and soil. They impact wildlife such as birds and bees and have been named as one of the key drivers in recent studies on biodiversity losses which have revealed that one million species are now at risk of extinction.

Pesticide use is helping to drive the climate crisis. 99% of pesticides are made from fossil fuels and they exacerbate the climate emergency throughout their lifecycle via manufacturing, packaging, transportation, application, and even through environmental degradation and disposal.

Pesticides have also been shown to cause a range of health impacts. Repeated or continuous exposure at low levels, for example through diet, have been linked to very serious illnesses such as cancer. Meanwhile those directly exposed to pesticides, such as farmers and farmworkers, are at risk of acute poisoning which can cause harmful or lethal effects after a single episode of ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. This problem is exacerbated in the global south where pesticide regulations are often weak and where the majority of farmworker poisonings take place.

The best thing you can do is let your supermarket know that you care about pesticides and want them to do more to protect human health and the environment from pesticide-related harms. Do this using our quick online action.  If you want to do more, see our take action page for ideas.

Our 2024 ranking reveals which UK supermarkets are doing the best and worst on pesticides. To see which supermarkets are making the most effort to reduce pesticide residues in food, visit our webpage on that topic. If you shop at one of the four supermarkets that publish detailed results from their residue testing programmes (Co-op, M&S, Morrisons and Waitrose), you can also visit their company websites for information on which produce contains residues and use that to make informed shopping decisions.

But the truth is that buying organic is the only sure-fire way of avoiding pesticides in your food. However, currently most shoppers are unable to afford or access a fully organic diet. Plus, everyone should be able to access healthy and sustainable food regardless of where they live in the UK or how much they earn. That’s why we are calling for all supermarkets to improve their policies, not only on reducing residues but also on phasing out Highly Hazardous Pesticides and supporting suppliers to adopt non-chemical alternatives. Ultimately, if supermarkets don’t allow the most toxic pesticides to be used by their suppliers, then these chemicals won’t appear in the food on our plates.

The best thing you can do is write to your supermarket today and let them know that you care about pesticides and want them to change.

No! Organic food is often more expensive but that is, in part, because it only accounts for a tiny percentage of food production and also doesn’t tend to receive the level of state support given to industrial-scale agriculture.

Regardless of their income, everyone should be able to access healthy food that doesn’t contain residues of potentially harmful pesticides. UK supermarkets make huge profits so there is absolutely no need to pass the cost of pesticide reduction on to customers.

If we are serious about making healthy food accessible to all, reversing the nature crisis and transitioning over to nature-friendly farming, then governments and companies must increase support to farmers to grow food with little or no pesticides. This will enable farmers to get a fair price for their crop and people from all socio-economic backgrounds to buy healthy food.

Our 2024 survey builds on the work conducted for our 2019 and 2021 rankings. In both 2019 and 2021, we selected supermarkets based on their share of the UK groceries market. This gave us a list of the top ten supermarkets in order of grocery market share: Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Asda, Morrisons, Aldi, Co-op, Lidl, Waitrose, Iceland, M&S.

The list of top ten UK supermarkets remains almost identical in 2024, except that Spar has replaced M&S at number ten. Despite this, we chose to keep the same selection of supermarkets for the 2024 ranking since it enables us to assess how much progress they have made over the past five years. While we very much hope to keep working with M&S, we will consider changing the list of supermarkets that we include for the next ranking in 2026 in an effort to cover as much of the UK groceries market as possible.

PAN UK sent a survey to the UK’s top ten supermarkets, asking a range of questions on six topics related to pesticides. All ten supermarkets replied to our survey and we then set about analysing and scoring their responses. Based on their scores, supermarkets were allocated a ranking for each topic of ‘lagging behind’ (1 trolley), ‘could do better’ (2 trolleys), ‘making good progress’ (3 trolleys) or ‘‘leading the way’ (4 trolleys). These scores were then weighted based on how much of an impact that action in that particular area would have on reducing pesticide-related harms.  So, for example, supermarkets scored more points for efforts to phase out Highly Hazardous Pesticides than for becoming more transparent. We then sent each supermarket an outline of what we were planning to publish about them and gave them a chance to respond. See our methodology page for a more detail.

PAN UK’s supermarket ranking assesses supermarkets on six key topics:

• Phasing out Highly Hazardous Pesticides (including those that pose the greatest risk to farmworkers’ health)
• Supporting suppliers to use non-chemical alternatives to pesticides
• Reducing pesticide residues in food
• Protecting bees and other pollinators from pesticides
• Selling pesticide products
• Being transparent about pesticides

We selected these six topics based on the following factors:

• The key aspects of supermarket supply chains which involve using (or selling) pesticides.
• The areas in which supermarkets can make the biggest impact in terms of reducing pesticide-related harms.
• Prior PAN UK knowledge of positive actions that some UK supermarkets are already taking on pesticides that could be adopted more broadly across the sector.
• Issues that are of particular concern or interest to the general public.

UK supermarkets should be doing everything possible to minimise the harms caused by pesticides linked to their global supply chains. This must include measures to protect wildlife, water and soil, to lessen the likelihood of farmers, growers and agricultural workers being poisoned, and to reduce pesticide residues in food to protect the health of their customers. In particular, PAN UK is calling for supermarkets to increase their efforts to phase out the use of those pesticides which pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment (known as Highly Hazardous Pesticides or HHPs).  It is vital that supermarkets support their suppliers through this process, by assisting them in both reducing pesticide use and adopting non-chemical alternatives. Each of our profile pages contain priority recommendations for the supermarket in question. You can also see our full list of recommendations for all supermarkets here.

Following the launch of the latest ranking in November 2024, PAN UK will keep working with as many supermarkets as possible to help them implement our recommendations and step up their efforts to tackle pesticides. Through our ongoing efforts, we aim to assist UK supermarkets in making considerable headway at reducing pesticide-related harms linked to their supply chains.

PAN UK acts as a ‘critical friend’ to supermarkets. This means we work closely with their technical staff to highlight where certain practices in their global supply chains are problematic, and advise on how they can strengthen their efforts to reduce pesticide-related harms. Our work includes running roundtable events where staff from all ten supermarkets have a chance to hear from experts in pesticide reduction and non-chemical alternatives. We also offer supermarkets bespoke advice and individual support on specific issues. This may be through sharing case studies of effective non-chemical and environmentally friendly alternatives to pesticides, suggesting helpful training options for their growers, or assisting them to update their lists of pesticides which they prohibit, restrict or monitor within their global supply chains.

Since January 2019, when we began work on the first of this new round of supermarket rankings, PAN UK has not accepted any form of financial compensation from supermarkets in order to remain completely impartial.

Previous to the 2019 launch of our current supermarkets campaign, we conducted occasional consultancy work which is detailed below.

Between 2010 and 2017, PAN UK provided paid advice to two of the supermarkets in the latest rankings:

• Between 2011 and 2017, PAN UK provided paid advice to M&S on Highly Hazardous Pesticides and options for removing them from the M&S supply chain.
• Between 2010 and 2013, PAN UK provided advice to the Co-op on Integrated Pest Management and pollinator-friendly farming practices; the Co-op also sponsored PAN UK’s Rachel Carson Memorial Lecture in 2010 and 2011, and an event at the House of Commons in 2013 focused on pollinator threats from neonicotinoid pesticides.

PAN UK last received funds from Co-op in 2013 and from M&S in 2017. Separate from our consultancy work, PAN UK also conducted and published supermarket rankings in 2009 and 2011.

In 2006, the UN organisations on Food and Agriculture and World Health drew attention to continuing problems of poisoning incidents and pesticide-related ill health and environmental harm, especially in developing countries. In response, the UN policy makers called for concerted action on Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs), including ways to reduce exposure and risks, as well as further bans.

PAN International warmly welcomed this initiative and in 2009 published its first List of Highly Hazardous Pesticides.  This includes pesticides classified by internationally recognised authorities under four types of hazard:

• Acutely toxic to humans via swallowing, skin contact or inhalation
• Long-term human health hazards related to cancer, birth defects and reproductive harm, disruption of hormone systems or damage to genetic material
• Environmental hazards (persistent in soil or water; ability to accumulate in the food chain; highly toxic to bees; toxic to aquatic organisms)
• Recognised as causing serious or irreversible harm under actual conditions of use in a particular country

One of the key actions that supermarkets can take to reduce pesticide-related harms is to support their suppliers, farmers and growers to adopt and use non-chemical alternatives to pesticides. Much of PAN UK’s work in this area focuses on advising supermarkets on how to help their suppliers to transition away from dependence on chemicals and towards Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

IPM is an approach to managing pests, diseases or weeds under which chemical pesticides are used only as a last resort, if at all. It sits in direct contrast to the majority of conventional agriculture in which pesticides tend to be the first weapon of choice for dealing with unwanted organisms. There is no doubt that, properly implemented, IPM systems can effectively deal with harmful pests and diseases whilst maintaining crop yields, farmer income and delivering a more environmentally-sustainable agricultural system.

PAN UK has been campaigning to promote IPM as an effective way to reduce pesticide use for decades and we are now winning the argument with international organisations such as the UN and EU coming on board. The UK Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan states “We should put Integrated Pest Management (IPM) at the heart of an in-the-round approach, using pesticides more judiciously and supplementing them with improved crop husbandry and the use of natural predators”.

However, pro-pesticide groups and the agrochemical industry are seeking to water down the definition of IPM, presenting it as little more than a ‘business as usual’ approach under which pesticide use continues to rise while biodiversity plummets.

In reality, IPM should not be viewed as one technique, but as a suite of tactics that should be used in a holistic way before, during, and after the growing of a crop. UK supermarkets must avoid the piecemeal approach that cherry picks individual IPM techniques and support their suppliers to shift to a whole system approach if the full range of benefits for farmers and reductions in pesticide use are to be achieved.